Removal involves the physical elimination of a reactive metabolite from the cell through use of efflux pumps and transporters. The MexEF and OprN efflux pumps from P. putida are upregulated in the presence of various aldehydes and several efflux pumps from many organisms provide protection against stress associ- ated with acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other organic solvents. Metabolite efflux may be expected to decrease consumption rates for that compound, but the use of efflux pumps to control stress outcomes can, in some cases, improve catabolic efficiency for the molecule targeted
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