Η περιπέτεια της κινητής τηλεφωνίας

Η περιπέτεια της κινητής τηλεφωνίας ξεκίνησε αμέσως μετά τον Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο, με τις πρώτες προσπάθειες των Σουηδών, Φιλανδών και Αμερικανών. Όμως, ως ληξιαρχική πράξη γέννησής της θεωρείται η 3η Απριλίου 1973.

Ήταν ένα μουντό ανοιξιάτικο πρωινό στη Νέα Υόρκη. Ο δόκτωρ Μάρτιν Κούπερ της Motorola, περπατώντας σ' ένα δρόμο της αμερικάνικης μεγαλούπολης ήξερε ότι έγραφε ιστορία. Στα δυο του χέρια κρατούσε μια συσκευή που έμοιαζε με φορητό ασύρματο. Είχε ύψος 25 εκατοστά και βάρος 900 γραμμάρια. Ήταν το πρώτο σύγχρονο κινητό τηλέφωνο με τον κωδικό MotorolaDynaTAC. Σχημάτισε τον αριθμό του βασικού ανταγωνιστή του, Τζόελ ΄Ενγκελ, που δούλευε για λογαριασμό της Bell Labs.

«Γεια σου Τζο, σου μιλάω από ένα αληθινό κινητό τηλέφωνο» του είπε. «Παρότι δεν είχαμε τις καλύτερες των σχέσεων, μου συμπεριφέρθηκε πολύ ευγενικά», δήλωσε χρόνια αργότερα ο Κούπερ σε μια συνέντευξή του. Η Bell πήρε τη ρεβάνς το 1978, κατασκευάζοντας το πρώτο δοκιμαστικό δίκτυο κινητής τηλεφωνίας, που ήταν αναγκαίο για την εξέλιξη και την εμπορική εκμετάλλευση του κινητού.

Το πρώτο αυτοματοποιημένο δίκτυο κινητής τηλεφωνίας λειτούργησε στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του '80 στη Σκανδιναβία. Μέχρι τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του '80 τα κινητά τηλέφωνα ήταν ογκώδη για να μεταφέρονται στην τσέπη κι έτσι ήταν εγκατεστημένα κυρίως σε αυτοκίνητα. Το πρώτο κινητό που έλαβε άδεια έγκρισης ήταν το μοντέλο της Μοτορόλα DynaTAC8000X. Υπήρξε η ναυαρχίδα των λεγόμενων κινητών πρώτης γενιάς (1G).

Στην αρχή της δεκαετίας του '90 άρχισε η απογείωση των κινητών τηλεφώνων, με την ψηφιοποίηση δικτύων (GSM) και συσκευών. Τα κινητά έγιναν μικρότερα (100-200 γραμμάρια), χωρούσαν στην παλάμη και έμπαιναν έστω και με δυσκολία στην τσέπη του χρήστη τους. Περάσαμε έτσι στα κινητά της δεύτερης γενιάς (2G), που παρείχαν και άλλες ευκολίες, όπως την αποστολή σύντομων γραπτών μηνυμάτων (SMS) και τη λήψη φωτογραφιών.

Στις αρχές του 21ου αιώνα ήλθαν τα κινητά τρίτης γενιάς (3G), με τις απεριόριστες δυνατότητες των πολυμέσων. Σήμερα, η διείσδυση του κινητού τηλεφώνου στον πλανήτη αυξάνεται με αλματώδεις ρυθμούς, ιδίως στις φτωχές χώρες του πλανήτη, όπως η Αφρική. Οι ενεργές συσκευές ξεπερνούν τα 6 δισεκατομμύρια, με την τάση να είναι ανοδική. Η νοτιοκορεατική εταιρεία Samsung, με μερίδιο αγοράς 23% (Δεκέμβριος 2012), κατέχει την πρώτη θέση στις πωλήσεις κινητών τηλεφώνων παγκοσμίως.

Στην Ελλάδα η κινητή τηλεφωνία έκανε την εμφάνισή της το 1992, με την προκήρυξη διαγωνισμού από την κυβέρνηση Μητσοτάκη για τη χορήγηση δύο αδειών. Ο αποκλεισμός του ΟΤΕ από τη διαδικασία αδειοδότησης προκάλεσε θύελλα διαμαρτυριών κατά της κυβέρνησης. Η κυβέρνηση αντέτεινε την αφερεγγυότητα του οργανισμού (καθυστερήσεις στις συνδέσεις σταθερών τηλεφώνων που έφθανε και τα 15 χρόνια, Υπόθεση Τόμπρα κ.ά.), αλλά και τα οικονομικά οφέλη, που θα είχε από τη χορήγηση των αδειών σε ιδιωτικές εταιρείες. Τελικά, οι δύο άδειες κατακυρώθηκαν στην Panafon (νυν Vodafone), πολυμετοχική εταιρεία με επικεφαλής την αγγλική Vodafone, και στην ιταλική Telestet (μετέπειτα TIM και νυν WIND).

H Telestet ξεκίνησε την εμπορική της εκμετάλλευση στις 29 Ιουνίου 1993 και η Panafon την 1η Ιουλίου του ίδιου χρόνου. Η Cosmote, συμφερόντων ΟΤΕ, ήταν o τρίτος παίκτης της αγοράς (Ιανουάριος 1998) και η Q, εταιρεία του ομίλου Φέσσα, ο τέταρτος (19 Ιουνίου 2002). H Q στη συνέχεια εξαγοράσθηκε από την TIM (Ιανουάριος 2006) κι έτσι σήμερα δραστηριοποιούνται τρεις εταιρείες, WIND, Vodafone και Cosmote, που είναι η ηγέτιδα στο χώρο της κινητής τηλεφωνίας.

Τους πρώτους μήνες του 1993 τα κινητά τηλέφωνα λειτουργούσαν μόνο στην Αττική και τα νησιά του Σαρωνικού. Το κόστος ήταν απαγορευτικό για τους πολλούς. Οι συσκευές στοίχιζαν από 700 έως 1400€, το τέλος ενεργοποίησης 85€, το μηνιαίο πάγιο 40€ και το λεπτό ομιλίας 0,25€. Έτσι, μόνο 1000 ήταν οι συνδρομητές τις πρώτες μέρες του Ιουλίου.

Οι εκτιμήσεις των «ειδικών» έκαναν λόγο για 200.000 συνδρομητές μέσα σε μια δεκαετία. Απέτυχαν παταγωδώς στις προβλέψεις τους. 13 χρόνια μετά, λειτουργούσαν στη χώρα μας 13.551.000 συσκευές (Δεκέμβριος 2006), που καλύπτουν το 120,5% του ελληνικού πληθυσμού, γεγονός που κατατάσσει την Ελλάδα στις πρώτες θέσεις παγκοσμίως σε αναλογία πληθυσμού και κινητών τηλεφώνων.

Από το 2009 η πορεία του κλάδου της κινητής τηλεφωνίας στη χώρα μας ακολουθεί φθίνουσα πορεία, εξαιτίας όχι μόνο της οικονομικής κρίσης και της υπερφορολόγησης των υπηρεσιών κινητής τηλεφωνίας, αλλά και της ταυτοποίησης των συνδρομητών. Τη διετία 2009-2011 οι συνδρομητές κινητής τηλεφωνίας μειώθηκαν κατά 5,3 εκατομμυρια (-26,1%).



ΠΗΓΗ: http://www.sansimera.gr/articles/241#ixzz3YR6mIK4V

Αποτελέσματα (Αγγλικά) 1:

The adventure of telephony began immediately after World War II, with the first attempts of Swedes, Finns and Americans. However, as the birth certificate is considered the 3rd April 1973.It was a hazy spring morning in New York. Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola, walking in a street of the American big city knew that wrote history. In two of the hands clutching a device that resembled a portable wireless. Had a height of 25 cm and a weight of 900 grams. It was the first modern mobile phone with code MotorolaDynaTAC. He formed the number of basic competitor, Joel ΄Engkel, who was working on behalf of Bell Labs."Hi Joe, you speak of a true mobile phone ' said. "Although we didn't have the best of relationships, I behaved very politely," said years later, Cooper in an interview. Bell got the rematch in 1978, making the first test cellular network, that was necessary for the development and commercial exploitation of the mobile.The first automated cellular network worked at the beginning of the eighties in Scandinavia. Until the late 80s mobile phones were bulky to be carried in the Pocket so they were mainly installed in cars. The first cellphone that received license approval was the Motorola model DynaTAC8000X. There was the flagship of so-called Mobile first-generation (1 g).At the beginning of the 1990s began the take-off of mobile phones, with the digitisation of networks (GSM) and devices. Mobile became smaller (100-200 grams), they fit in the Palm and got even with difficulty in their user's pocket. We spent so mobile second generation (2 g), which provided and other conveniences, like the sending of short text messages (SMS) and taking pictures.At the beginning of the 21st century came the third generation mobile (3 g), with the unlimited possibilities of multimedia. Today, the penetration of the mobile phone on the planet grows rampant pace, especially in the poor countries of the world, such as Africa. The active devices in excess of 6 billion, with the tendency to be upward. The South Korean Samsung company, with a market share of 23% (December 2012), ranked first in sales of mobile phones worldwide.Mobile telephony in Greece made its appearance in 1992, with the invitation to tender by the Government granting two Mitsotakis licenses. Ote's exclusion from the authorisation process caused a storm of protests against the Government. The Government argues the Agency's insolvency (delays in fixed telephone connections reached all 15 years, case Tompra et al.), but also the economic benefits to be had from the granting of licenses to private companies. Eventually, the two licenses awarded in Panafon (now Vodafone), headed by the company's diverse shareholder base in English, and in Italian Vodafone Telestet (later TIM WIND and current).H Telestet started its commercial operation on 29 June 1993 and Panafon on 1 July of the same year. The OTE, Cosmote, interest was the third player of the market (January 1998) and the Q, the Group's company Fessa, the fourth (19 June 2002). H Q then was bought out by TIM (January 2006) so today operating three companies, WIND, Vodafone and Cosmote, which is the leader in the mobile space.In the first months of 1993 cellphones worked only in Attica and the Saronic Islands. The cost was prohibitive for many. The devices cost from 700 to 1400 € 85 € activation fee, the monthly fee 40 € and 0,25 € a minute speech. So, only 1000 were subscribers to the first days of July.The estimates of the "experts" spoke about 200,000 subscribers within a decade. They failed miserably in their forecasts. After 13 years, worked in our country 13.551.000 devices (December 2006), covering the 120.5% of the Greek population, which ranks the top worldwide in Greece in population ratio and cell phones.From 2009, the path of the mobile industry in our country follows dwindling, due not only to the economic crisis and the yperforologisis of mobile telephony services, but also the identification of subscribers. The biennium 2009-2011 mobile subscribers decreased by 5.3 million (-26.1%)Source: http://www.sansimera.gr/articles/241#ixzz3YR6mIK4V

Αποτελέσματα (Αγγλικά) 2:

The adventure of mobile telephony began immediately after the Second World War, with the first attempts of Swedes, Finns and Americans. But as a registrar birth act considered the April 3, 1973. It was a hazy spring morning in New York. Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola, walking in a street of the American metropolis knew that wrote history. On both hands clutching a device that looked like a portable radio. Had height 25 cm and weight of 900 grams. It was the first modern mobile phone with MotorolaDynaTAC code. Formed a number of main competitor, Joel Engel, who was working on behalf of Bell Labs. "Hey Joe, I'm talking from a real phone" she said. "Although we did not have the best of relationships, I behaved very politely," said Cooper years later in an interview. The Bell took the rematch in 1978, making the first test mobile network, which was necessary for the development and commercialization of mobile. The first automatic mobile network operated in the early 80s in Scandinavia. By the end of the 80 mobile phones were bulky to be carried in the pocket so they were installed mainly in automobiles. The first cell received approval permission was the model of Motorola DynaTAC8000X. She was the flagship of the so-called first generation mobile (1G). In the early 90s began the takeoff of mobile phones, with the digitization of networks (GSM) and devices. Mobile were smaller (100-200 grams), could fit in the palm and entered albeit with difficulty in his pocket the user. We spent so mobile of the second generation (2G), provided other facilities like sending short text messages (SMS) and taking pictures. In the early 21th century came the third generation mobile (3G), with unlimited possibilities Multimedia. Today, the penetration of mobile phones in the world is growing at exponential rates, especially in poor countries of the world, such as Africa. The active devices exceed 6 billion, with the voltage is rising. The South Korean company Samsung, with a market share of 23% (December 2012), the leader in mobile phone sales worldwide. In Greece mobile phones debuted in 1992 with an invitation to tender from the Mitsotakis government to grant two licenses . The exclusion of OTE from the authorization process has caused a storm of protest against the government. The government countered the insolvency of the organization (delays in landline connections reached and 15 years, Case Tombra etc.), but also the economic benefits to be had from the granting of licenses to private companies. Eventually, the two licenses were awarded in Panafon (now Vodafone), well-diversified company led by English Vodafone, and the Italian Telestet (later TIM and now WIND). H Telestet started its commercial operation on June 29, 1993 and Panafon 1 July the same time. The Cosmote, OTE interests, was o third player market (January 1998) and Q, company Fessa group, the fourth (June 19, 2002). HQ then acquired by TIM (January 2006) and so far three companies operate, WIND, Vodafone and Cosmote, which is the leader in mobile telephony. In the first months of 1993 mobile phones operating only in Attica and its islands Saronic. The cost was prohibitive for many. Devices costing from 700 to 1400 €, the activation fee 85 €, the monthly fee 40 € and minute speech 0,25 €. Thus, only 1,000 subscribers were the first days of July. Estimates of "experts" talked about 200,000 subscribers within a decade. They failed miserably in their predictions. 13 years later, operating in our country 13.551 million devices (December 2006), covering 120.5% of the Greek population, which ranks Greece among the top worldwide population ratio and mobile phones. Since 2009 the course mobile industry in our country is declining, due not only to the economic crisis and the over-taxation of mobile telephony services, but also the identification of subscribers. During the biennium 2009-2011 mobile subscribers decreased by 5.3 million (-26.1%). SOURCE: http://www.sansimera.gr/articles/241#ixzz3YR6mIK4V

Αποτελέσματα (Αγγλικά) 3:

The adventure of mobile telephony began immediately after the Second World War, with the first efforts of Swedes, Finns and Americans. However, as civil act of birth is considered the 3RD April 1973.

It was an unattractive spring breakfast in New York. Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola, walking in a street in American banishes knew that wrote history.In both hands he held a device that looked like a walkie-talkie. It was height of 25 cm and weight of 900 grams. It was the first modern mobile phone with the code MotorolaDynaTAC.Got the number of the main competitor, Joel ΄Ενγκελ, working on behalf of Bell Labs.: "Hello Joe, talking of a real mobile phone" said. "Although we do not have the best of relations,I was treated very kindly," he said years later Cooper in an interview. The Bell took the ρεβάνς in 1978, constructing the first trial mobile network,That was necessary for the development and commercial exploitation of the mobile.The first automated mobile network has worked in the early 80s in Scandinavia.By the end of the ' 80s the mobile phones were bulky to be carried in a pocket so it was installed in vehicles.The first mobile authorized approval was the model of Μοτορόλα DynaTAC8000X. It was the flagship of the so-called mobile first generation (1G) .C) at the beginning of the 90s began to take off the mobile phones.With the digitalization networks (GSM) and devices. The mobile were smaller (100-200 grams), fit in the palm and oing even with difficulty in the pocket of the user.So we had to swap the second generation (2G), which provided and other amenities, such as sending short text messages (SMS) and taking pictures.c) At the beginning of the 21st century came the mobile third generation (3G),With the limitless possibilities of multimedia. Today, the penetration of mobile phone on the planet increases with terrific rates, particularly in the poor countries of the world, such as Africa.The active devices exceed 6 billion, with a tendency to be upward. The νοτιοκορεατική company Samsung, with a market share of around 23% (December 2012), holds the first position in sales of mobile phones worldwide.

In Greece the mobile telephony has made its appearance in 1992, with an invitation to tender from the Mitsotakis government to grant two licenses.The exclusion of OTE from the licensing process caused by storm of protest against the government.The government objected to insolvency of the organization (delays in connections fixed telephones arrived and the 15 years, Case Τόμπρα etc. ), but also the economic benefits.To be had from the granting of licenses to private companies. Finally, the two licenses were awarded in Panafon (now Vodafone), πολυμετοχική company headed the english Vodafone,And the Italian Telestet (later TIM and current WIND) .H: Telestet began its commercial exploitation in June 29, 1993 and Panafon on 1 July of the same year. The Cosmote, OTE's interests,It was the third player in the market (January 1998) and the Q, group company Φέσσα, the fourth (19 June 2002). H Q then was taken over by TIM (January 2006) so now operate three companies, WIND,Vodafone, Cosmote, which is the global leader in the area of mobile telephony.: the first months of 1993 the mobile phones were only in Attica and the Saronic Islands. The cost was prohibitive for many.The devices cost from 700 to 1400, the activation fee 85 €, the monthly fixed 40Eur and the minute speech 0.25Eur . Thus, only 1000 were subscribers the first days of July.c) estimates of "special" talked about 200.000 Subscribers within a decade. So signally failed in their forecasts. 13 years later, operating in our country 13,551,000 devices (December 2006), covering the 120,5% of the Greek population,Which ranks Greece in the first positions worldwide in proportion population and mobile phones.c) from the 2009 route of the industry of mobile telephony in our country is declining,Because not only the economic crisis and the υπερφορολόγησης mobile services, but also the identification of subscribers. The two years 2009-2011 mobile subscribers decreased by 5,3 An (-26,1 % ) .



SOURCE: http://www.sansimera.gr/articles/241#ixzz3YR6mIK4V